The clash between the two has led to a nationwide debate over the merits and flaws of the "Chongqing model" and the "Guangdong model". Liu said the debate had focused on defining socialist "core values", "cultural soft power" and universal values, which was raised and soon muffled by the top ideological machinery - the Central Party School.

Mr Nye himself drew a link between soft power and Sun Tzu in a 2008 book, “The Powers to Lead”. Sun Tzu, he said, had concluded that “the highest excellence is never having to fight because the commencement of battle signifies a political failure”. To be a “smart” warrior, said Mr Nye, one had to understand “the soft power of attraction as well as the hard power of coercion”.

From the Long March to the massive, glittering spectacle of the Beijing Summer Olympics' opening ceremony in 2008, what a long, strange journey it has been for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). On July 1, the party will celebrate its 90th birthday