Sixty years ago, at age 14, Daniel Barenboim made his debut at Carnegie Hall. He played Prokofiev’s Piano Concerto No. 1 in a program called “World Peace Through World Music.” This month, the Argentine-Israeli musician, educator and political activist is back at the New York City venue preparing to conduct the Staatskapelle Berlin, the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera, in a cycle of nine symphonies by the 19th-century Austrian composer Anton Bruckner.