Turkey has a serious problem with its international image. An increasing number of people around the world see the country as a breeding ground and facilitator of Islamic terrorism. They also see it as a violent place where visitors have to be ready for all eventualities. The notion that Turkish officials aided radical Islamists in Syria in one way or another has stuck and refuses to go away. 

The Yunus Emre Institutes and language programs have been also Turkey's force as a diplomatic competitor in grounds of cultural diplomacy around the world, Balcı added. "Yunus Emre Institute's language programs help many of the students to re-establish ties their relatives who speak Turkish, find jobs, and add a new color to their lives," Balcı also said. Turkish Language Summer School aims to acquaint its students with Turkish culture and arts, in addition to improving their Turkish language skills.

MIKTA – an association consisting of Mexico, Indonesia, Korea, Turkey, and Australia – is still a relatively new platform, having been formed in 2013, but it may now be confronted with its first real opportunity to have an impact on the global stage. 

Turkish public response to NATO can hardly be separated from unfavorable public opinion about the United States, since NATO has been largely led by the U.S. Therefore, the waning of American credibility has simultaneously affected Turkish public support for NATO.